This resource provides information on requirements for prescribing, dispensing and administering both controlled substances (Schedule II-V drugs) and noncontrolled substances such as antibiotics.

What is required to prescribe in California?

A dentist must have an active dental license to prescribe medicines. To prescribe controlled substances, a dentist also must be registered with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. No other state registration is required.

What are the rules for obtaining a DEA registration?

Starting June 27, 2023, a dentist holding a DEA registration or who applies for registration must complete 8 hours of education on the management of patients with opioid or other substance use disorders in order to renew their registration or to be granted registration.  This is a one-time-only requirement.  The training does not have to occur in one session. Relevant training completed by a dentist in past years and provided by the ADA or ADA CERP recognized provider count toward the requirement. A dentist who graduated dental school in good standing within the five years prior to June 27, 2023 and who successfully completed a comprehensive curriculum that included at least 8 hours of training on managing patients with opioid or other substance use disorders need not complete additional training to meet the requirement. Refer to the DEA MATE Training Letter.

Information and DEA registration application are available on the DEA website, https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/index.html. A DEA registration number is site specific. Before applying for a DEA number, a dentist should ensure their address in the dental board records is the same address they are using on the DEA application. If a dentist administers or dispenses a controlled substance at more than one office, then the dentist must obtain separate DEA registration numbers for each location (the board requires dentists to report each place of practice). Additional DEA registrations are not required if a dentist only prescribes at other office locations within California and does not administer or dispense controlled substances there.

The DEA permits an individual practitioner, such as a locum tenens dentist, to use a home address as the principal place of business. In such cases, the location is considered a “controlled premises” and is subject to unannounced inspections and administrative warrants. Recordkeeping and security requirements remain the same.

Practitioners may not use a P.O. box or private mailing box address for DEA registration.  A summary of rules applicable to dentists can be found in the DEA Practitioner’s Manual. 

Does a dentist need a DEA registration if they do not prescribe, administer or dispense controlled substances?

The law does not require it. However, a dental benefit plan may require a dentist to be registered with the DEA as part of its credentialing process. Always check with each contracted plan prior to giving up a DEA registration.

ELECTRONIC DATA PRESCRIBING

Is electronic data prescribing (e-prescribing) mandated?

Electronic data transmission prescriptions are mandated in California as of Jan. 1, 2022. However, recent legislation expanded the permitted exceptions to the mandate. Starting Jan. 1, 2023, prescribers who issue 100 or fewer prescriptions per calendar year are exempt from the mandate as long as they register annually with the board of pharmacy. Additional information is included in this article.

What do I need to know about e-prescribing?

E-prescribing provides timely patient care and reduces opportunities for the diversion of controlled substances by eliminating the use of paper forms that can be stolen, lost or left behind and used illegally. Prescribing software is available with or without the ability to electronically prescribe controlled substances. EPCS software costs more due to the additional costs of regulatory compliance.

These are factors to consider when purchasing prescribing software:

• Stand-alone versus EHR: The benefit of using an application associated with an electronic health record (EHR) is that patient demographic information can flow with a few keystrokes to the e-prescription and the prescription is automatically entered into the treatment record. Stand-alone software requires the prescriber to enter all of the patient’s demographic information for the first prescription, but not for subsequent prescriptions for that patient. The prescription also must be recorded separately in the patient’s treatment record.
• Practice type: It may be easier for associate dentists or locum tenens working at more than one practice to use stand-alone software because it can be used anywhere in the U.S. and is not tied to a specific EHR. If a practice has multiple locations using the same EHR, a separate user license for each location may be required. A practice with multiple controlled substance prescribers on-site will need each prescriber to have their own subscription, identity proofing and hard token. A dentist working at an institution, such as a dental school or hospital, and who prescribes using the institution’s DEA registration will need to complete steps with the appropriate entity within the institution.
• Basic versus enhanced. Prescribing software is offered as a basic version with optional enhanced information, or it is offered with everything included in the annual subscription. Enhanced versions include such things as the ability to check for patient drug allergy, drug interactions, drug history, drug formulary and a state’s prescription drug monitoring database.
• Mobility. Some software may be used on mobile platforms such as Android and iOS.
• Cost. Controlled substance prescribers will pay an additional fee for set-up which includes identity proofing and the provision of a hard token. Stand-alone companies may offer a promotional price.

How is EPCS software different from regular prescribing software?

EPCS software must be certified that it complies with the DEA regulation adopted in June 2010. The regulation established procedures that include:

• Third-party certification that prescription software applications meet DEA requirements.
• Identity proofing of prescribers.
• Two-factor authentication when signing a prescription.
• Software users establish access controls.

A prescriber must undergo an identity-proofing process, which includes submission of a dental license, DEA registration and NPI Type 1 number. Once a prescriber’s identity is proven, the prescriber will receive the credentials necessary to sign a controlled substance prescription. If a prescriber works at multiple locations with different prescribing software, each location’s software vendor will determine the necessity of the prescriber undergoing identity proofing more than once.

The DEA requires the use of two-factor authentication for signing a controlled substance prescription. The factors must be two of the following:

• Something you know (a password, for example).
• Something you have (a hard token, such as a fob or cell phone, to receive a short-term code).
• Something you are (a biometric such as a fingerprint).

The prescriber may not give any of the factors to another individual; doing so may lead to revocation or suspension of the prescriber’s DEA registration. A staff member may enter information into an e-prescription but only the prescriber may “sign” by submitting the two factors to the prescribing system.

Setting access controls requires at least two individuals, one of whom must be a DEA registrant with active EPCS privilege. One or both individuals can be set up as administrators in the system, depending on the software. The non-DEA registrant is responsible for ensuring the DEA registrant’s credentials are current. The administrator also is responsible for regularly reviewing internal audit reports and reporting security incidents as soon as possible to the software vendor and to the DEA.

Additional information is available from the DEA and from individual EPCS vendors.

How do I get started with e-prescribing?

A prescriber with an EHR should check with that company. E-prescribing, with or without EPCS, can be added to Dentrix, Eaglesoft, OpenDental, Curve, Carestream or MacPractice. A list of prescribing software applications is available on a Surescripts website; however, many are proprietary products associated with a specific EHR or an entity such as Aspen Dental. Listed here are some stand-alone prescribing software applications with EPCS:

• NewCrop
• RxNT
• Treat
• DrFirst: Rcopia and iPrescribe (mobile version)

CDA has endorsed two e-prescribing applications – iCoreRx and Henry Schein One ePrescribe. More information is available on the Endorsed Services website.

What should be done if a pharmacy does not receive the e-prescription I sent?

A pharmacy is required to notify the prescriber immediately once it becomes aware that an electronic data transmission prescription failed, is incomplete or is otherwise not appropriately received. The failure need not inconvenience a patient because pharmacists may continue to dispense medicine from legally valid written, oral or faxed prescriptions.

How does a prescriber ensure a Kaiser pharmacy will fill a patient’s e-prescription?

Include the patient’s Kaiser medical record number in the “notes to the pharmacy” section on each prescription for the same patient.

What are the exceptions to electronic data transmission prescribing?

• The prescription is issued for a terminally ill patient pursuant to Health & Safety Code §11159.2.
• An electronic data transmission prescription is not available due to a temporary technological or electrical failure, meaning a failure of a computer system, application or device, or the loss of electrical power to that system, application or device, or any other service interruption. A prescriber who issues a prescription for a controlled substance but does not transmit it as an electronic data transmission prescription must document the reason in the patient’s record as soon as practicable and within 72 hours of the end of the technological or electrical failure that prevented the electronic data transmission of the prescription.
• The prescriber is issuing a prescription to be dispensed by a pharmacy located outside California.
• The prescription is issued in a hospital emergency department or urgent care clinic and one or more of the following conditions are present:
  • The patient resides outside California.
  • The patient resides outside the geographic area of the hospital.
  • The patient is homeless or indigent and does not have a preferred pharmacy.
  • The prescription is issued at a time when a patient’s regular or preferred pharmacy is likely to be closed.

Under any of the above conditions, a prescription shall be issued electronically but does not require electronic transmission and may be provided directly to the patient.

• The prescription is issued by a veterinarian.
• The prescription is for eyeglasses or contact lenses.
• The prescription is issued by a prescriber serving as a volunteer in a free clinic and receives no remuneration for their services.
• The prescribing health care practitioner and the dispenser are the same entity.
• The prescription is issued under circumstances whereby the prescriber reasonably determines that it would be impractical for the patient to obtain substances prescribed by an electronic data transmission prescription in a timely manner and the delay would adversely impact the patient’s medical condition.
• The prescription includes elements not covered by the latest version of the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs’ SCRIPT standard.
• The prescriber registers with the California State Board of Pharmacy, stating that they meet one or more of the following criteria:
  • Their practice is in the area of an emergency or disaster declared by a federal, state, or local government.
  • They issue 100 or fewer prescriptions per calendar year.
  • They are unable to issue electronic data transmission prescriptions due to circumstances beyond their control.

To remain exempt, a prescriber must annually register with the pharmacy board and maintain documentation of the circumstances qualifying them for exemption. (Information on the registration procedure will be included here once it is established.) The pharmacy board will post a list of registered prescribers on its website.

The electronic data prescription mandate does not apply when providing health care services to an inmate, an individual on parole or a youth under the jurisdiction of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

Be aware that patients with prescription drug benefits under Medicare/Medicaid must have their prescriptions submitted by electronic data transmission in order for the program to pay for it.

OTHER METHODS OF PRESCRIBING

May a prescriber still call in a prescription?

Yes, but only in situations that qualify as an exception to the mandate for electronic data transmission prescribing.

Only in an emergency situation may a prescriber phone in a prescription for a Schedule II drug, and this action is subject to several limitations. Additionally, a pharmacist is subject to several restrictions and requirements in fulfilling such a prescription. Notable requirements for prescribers phoning in an emergency prescription for a Schedule II drug include:

• Immediate administration of the controlled substance is necessary for the proper treatment of the intended ultimate user.
• No appropriate alternative treatment is available, including the administration of a non-Schedule II drug.
• The quantity prescribed and dispensed must be limited to an amount adequate to treat the patient during the emergency period.
• It is not reasonably possible for the prescribing practitioner to provide a written prescription to be presented to the dispenser prior to dispensing.
• Additionally, the prescriber must then provide to the pharmacy within seven days of the original order a written prescription that, in addition to conforming to the other requirements, must have written on its face “Authorization for Emergency Dispensing” and the date of the oral order.

What is required on a prescription form?

If a prescriber is exempt from using electronic data transmission prescriptions, they must ensure paper prescription forms comply with state requirements. Prescriptions for non-controlled substances may be written on a tamper-resistant form or a form that meets the requirements of Business & Professions Code §4040, or be orally transmitted to the pharmacy.

Prescription forms for non-controlled substances must include all of the following:

1. Name and address of the patient.
2. Name and quantity of the drug or device prescribed and directions for use.
3. Date of issue.
4. The printed name, address, telephone number, and license classification of the prescriber. Including the individual NPI number is recommended.
5. If requested by the patient, a clear and legible notice of the condition or purpose for which the drug is being prescribed.
6. Prescriber’s signature.

Written prescriptions for controlled substances must be on tamper-resistant forms printed by state-approved printers with these required elements detailed in Health & Safety Code §11162.1:

1. A latent, repetitive “void” pattern is printed across the entire front of the form; if a prescription is scanned or photocopied, the word “void” shall appear in a pattern across the entire front of the prescription.
2. A watermark of “California Security Prescription” is printed on the backside of the form.
3. Chemical void protection which prevents alteration by chemical washing.
4. A feature printed in thermochromic ink.
5. An area of opaque writing so that the writing disappears if the prescription is lightened.
6. A description of the security features is included on each form.
7. Six quantity check-off boxes so that a prescriber may indicate quantity by checking the applicable box. A box should appear next to the following quantities: 1-24; 25-49; 50-74; 75-100; 101-150; 151 and over. Additionally, a space should be in the area to designate the units referenced in the quantity boxes when the drug is not in tablet or capsule form.
8. A statement, “Prescription is void if the number of drugs prescribed is not noted,” printed on the bottom of the form.
9. The preprinted name, license category, license number, DEA registration number and address of the prescriber. Including the individual NPI number is recommended.
10. Check boxes to indicate the number of refills.
11. A line or space to indicate the date of origin of the prescription.
12. A check box indicating the prescriber’s order not to substitute.
13. The approved security printer’s identifying number.
14. If multiple prescriber names are printed on a form, a check box next to each name.
15. A uniquely serialized number as prescribed by the Department of Justice.

Each batch of controlled substances prescription forms must have a lot number printed on the form and each form within that batch will be numbered sequentially beginning with the numeral one.  Licensed healthcare facilities or clinics with 25 or more prescribers have additional requirements with regard to prescription forms. Refer to the applicable Health & Safety Code section.

The loss or theft of tamper-resistant prescription forms must be reported by a prescriber through CURES no later than three days after discovering the loss or theft.

SCOPE OF PRACTICE

May a pharmacist substitute the medicine I prescribed, even though I indicated “Do Not Substitute” on the prescription? Another pharmacist told my patient the prescription I wrote is outside my scope of practice. What can I do?

A pharmacist may select another drug product with the same active chemical ingredients of the same strength, quantity and dosage form and the same generic drug name of those drug products with the same active chemical ingredients. However, in no case shall a substitution be made if the prescriber checks a box indicating “Do not substitute” or words of similar meaning on the e-prescription.

Reference: Business & Professions Code §4073.

A pharmacist’s license is at risk whenever they fill a prescription. The pharmacist has a professional responsibility to ensure the prescribed medication is appropriate for the patient and within the prescriber’s scope of practice. Many pharmacists expect dentist-generated prescriptions to be for antibiotics or for relief of acute pain. Prescriptions for medicines not typically associated with oral disorders or for controlled substances for an extended time can raise red flags.

Dentists and pharmacists must work together for the patient’s benefit. It can help to introduce yourself to local pharmacies and the respective pharmacists in charge. Send a letter of introduction that includes a description of your practice and any education/training you have had that supports the type of prescriptions you write. A practice, for example, that focuses on TMD/TMJ cases may generate prescriptions outside what is typically expected from a general dentist.

If your patient uses a pharmacy that is unfamiliar to you and you have provided an atypical prescription, include a note to the pharmacist that provides your rationale or that asks the pharmacist to contact you to discuss the patient’s case. For example, a pharmacy may question your prescription of one antibiotic instead of another, but you can use your patient’s history to demonstrate that the patient responds best to the antibiotic you prescribe.

Building a professional relationship with pharmacists helps your patients and your practice.

May I issue a prescription for a family member?

Yes, you may issue a prescription for a family member if the family member is a patient of record and the prescription is related to the treatment you are providing. A prescription for controlled substances for a family member, however, may be filled only in specific circumstances on an interim basis.

Any prescription written by a dentist must be in conjunction with dental treatment provided by the dentist. There are limited exceptions to this rule.

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

What is CURES and who must use it?

All prescribers and dispensers of controlled substances must register to access CURES (Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System), the state’s prescription drug monitoring database managed by the state Department of Justice. In addition to checking the database, prescribers must regularly report the dispensing of controlled substances through the DOJ’s third-party vendor (dispensing medication is not the same as administering it).

A prescriber is required to check CURES for a patient’s controlled substances prescription history before prescribing a Schedule II-IV drug. The intent of the requirement is to assist prescribers in making better prescribing decisions and cutting down on prescription drug abuse. One exception to this requirement is:

. . . if a health care practitioner prescribes, orders, administers, furnishes or dispenses a controlled substance to a patient as part of the patient's treatment for a surgical procedure, if the quantity of the controlled substance does not exceed a nonrefillable seven-day supply of the controlled substance to be used in accordance with the directions for use . . .

If the controlled substance remains part of the patient’s treatment, a dentist must subsequently check the CURES database prior to writing another prescription and every six months while the substance is part of the patient’s treatment. The CURES patient activity report must be pulled no earlier than 24 hours prior to prescribing.

Additional information on CURES registration, patient activity reports, account maintenance and more is in “CURES Frequently Asked Questions.”

What are the rules for dispensing controlled substances?

Prescribers who dispense controlled substances must comply with federal law (summarized in the DEA’s resource A Practitioner’s Manual) and with state law. Some of these requirements include:

Storage and record-keeping

• Store controlled substances in a locked cabinet or drawer.
• Maintain a log, which must be maintained for three years.
• Inventory controlled substances at least once every two years. The inventory record must be in written, typewritten or printed form and be maintained at the practice for at least two years from the date that the inventory was conducted. Each inventory must contain the following information:
  • Whether the inventory was taken at the beginning or close of business.
  • Names of controlled substances
  • Each finished form of the substances (e.g., 100-milligram tablet).
  • The number of dosage units of each finished form in the commercial container (e.g., 100-tablet bottle).
  • The number of commercial containers of each finished form (e.g., four 100-tablet bottles).
  • Disposition of the controlled substances.

Controlled substance samples provided by pharmaceutical companies must be included in the inventory record.

Dispensing

• Dispense to a patient no more than a 72-hour supply of a Schedule II controlled substance in accordance with normal use when the patient is not expected to require any additional amount of the controlled substance beyond the 72-hour supply.
• Prior to dispensing, offer to give a written prescription to the patient that the patient may elect to have filled by the dentist or by any pharmacy. The patient must be provided with a written disclosure that they have a choice between obtaining the prescription from the dentist or obtaining the prescription at a pharmacy of the patient’s choice.
• When dispensing controlled substances to a patient, a prescriber must:
  • Use a childproof container.
  • Label the container as described below.
  • Inform the patient orally or in writing of possible side effects of the drug.
  • Report the dispensing to CURES within one working day.

Schedule II controlled substances may not be dispensed at free or nonprofit clinics.

What is required when prescribing or dispensing a controlled substance to a minor patient?

A prescriber is required to discuss the following information with the minor, the minor’s parent or legal guardian prior to dispensing or issuing to the minor the first prescription in a single course of treatment for a controlled substance containing an opioid:

• The risks of addiction and overdose are associated with the use of opioids.
• The increased risk of addiction to an opioid to an individual who is suffering from both mental and substance abuse disorders.
• The danger of taking an opioid with a benzodiazepine, alcohol or another central nervous system depressant.
• Any other information required by law.

The requirement does not apply when the patient is undergoing treatment for drug addiction or chronic pain or emergency surgery or care. If the provision of the above information would be detrimental to the minor’s health or safety or in violation of the minor’s legal rights regarding confidentiality in the prescriber’s professional judgment, the prescriber need not provide the information. See “Consent to Prescribe Opioid to a Minor.”

When must a prescription for naloxone be offered to a patient?

A prescriber must offer a patient a prescription for naloxone hydrochloride or other FDA-approved drugs for the complete or partial reversal of opioid depression when one or more of the following conditions are present:

1. The prescription dosage for the patient is 90 or more morphine milligrams equivalent to an opioid medication per day. (See this CDC document on how to calculate MME.)
2. Opioid medication is prescribed concurrently with a prescription for benzodiazepine.
3. The patient presents with an increased risk for overdose, including a patient with a history of overdose, a patient with a history of substance use disorder or a patient at risk for returning to a high dose of opioid medication to which the patient is no longer tolerant.

Additionally, a prescriber must provide education to a patient, or a patient’s guardian if the patient is a minor, receiving a prescription per the above circumstance on overdose prevention and the use of naloxone hydrochloride or other FDA-approved drugs for the complete or partial reversal of opioid depression.

What is required if I decide to discontinue administering, prescribing and dispensing controlled substances?

A prescriber who wishes to discontinue administering, prescribing and dispensing controlled substances must submit a written notification of registration termination to the nearest DEA field office. The notification must be accompanied by the DEA Certificate of Registration and any unused Official Order Forms (DEA Form-222).

Keep in mind that a dental benefit plan may require a dentist to be registered with the DEA as part of its credentialing process. Always check with each contracted plan prior to giving up a DEA registration.

How should controlled substances be disposed?

Use an authorized mail-back program or “reverse distributor” to dispose of controlled substances. Contact a local DEA field office for a list of authorized reverse distributors. Maintain copies of the records documenting the transfer and disposal of controlled substances for two years.

Prescribers should encourage patients to properly dispose of their unused or expired controlled substances through their local pharmacy or take-back event sponsored by local law enforcement.

Examples of Controlled Substances

Schedule II	Schedule III	Schedule IV
Oxycodone combination products (Percodan, Percocet)	Tylenol #3 (with codeine)	Zolpidem (Ambien)
*Hydrocodone combination products (Vicodin, Vicoprofen, Lortab, Lorcet, Norco)	Anabolic steroids	Lorazepam (Ativan)
Meperidine (Demerol)	Ketamine	Triazolam (Halcion)
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)		Hydroxyzine (Vistaril)

*Moved into Schedule II effective Oct. 6, 2014.

DISPENSING NON-CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

Must a prescriber offer a patient a written prescription even if they are able to dispense the medication?

Yes. Prior to dispensing medication, a prescriber must offer a written prescription to the patient that the patient may elect to have filled by the dentist or by any pharmacy. The prescriber must also provide the patient with a written disclosure that the patient has a choice between obtaining the prescription from you, the dentist, or obtaining the prescription at a pharmacy of the patient’s choice.

Can a dentist dispense medication to a patient for a condition not related to dental care or treatment?

No. Any medication dispensed by a dentist to a patient must be in conjunction with dental treatment provided by the dentist.

What are the rules for storing drugs? What are the record-keeping requirements?

Drugs to be dispensed must be stored in a secure area, which means a locked storage area within the dentist’s office. The keys to the locked storage area shall be available only to staff authorized by the dentist. A record or log of drug acquisition and disposition must be maintained by the dentist. Records must be preserved for three years.

Can a dentist give medication samples to patients?

A dentist may furnish to a patient at no charge a limited quantity of drug samples if furnished in the package provided by the manufacturer. This transaction should be recorded in the patient record.

Are coin envelopes acceptable to contain dispensed medicine?

No. State law requires prescribers who dispense to follow all the packaging requirements of good pharmaceutical practice, including the use of childproof containers.

How must the containers be labeled?

Label requirements are intended to provide patients with easy-to-read labels. The following elements must be printed in at least 12-point sans serif typeface, listed in the following order and clustered into one area of the label that comprises at least 50 percent of the label:

• Patient’s name.
• Drug name and strength.
• Directions for use.
• Purpose or condition for which the drug is prescribed.

This part of the label must be highlighted in bold typeface or color or have blank space to set off the above items.

The remaining required elements of the label must be printed so as not to interfere with the legibility of the four elements listed above. The remaining required elements are:

• Prescriber’s name and address.
• Date medication was dispensed.
• Quantity of medication dispensed.
• The expiration date of the effectiveness of the medication dispensed.
• Physical description of the dispensed medication, including its color, shape and identification code that appears on the tablets or capsules.

Upon the request of a patient or patient’s representative, a prescriber who dispenses must provide translated directions for use on the prescription container, label or on a supplemental document. (An example of directions for use is “Take one pill at bedtime.”) The English-language version of the directions for use must also appear on the container or label (not on a supplemental document). The California State Board of Pharmacy has translated directions online into Chinese, Korean, Russian, Spanish and Vietnamese. A dispenser may provide their own translated directions for use or can use the translations made available by the Board of Pharmacy. The prescriber dispenser is not obligated to provide translated directions for use beyond the languages that the pharmacy board has made available or beyond the directions that the board has made available in translated form.

When applicable, directions for use must use one of the 16 directions listed in Section 1707.5 of Title 16 of the California Code of Regulations. The one likely to be used by dental practices is:

“If you have pain, take __ (insert appropriate dosage form — pill, caplet, capsule or tablet) at a time. Wait at least __ hours before taking again. Do not take more than __ (appropriate dosage form) in one day.”

Many of the 16 directions are variations of the following:

“Take two (insert appropriate dosage form) in the morning and take two (insert appropriate dosage form) at bedtime.”

The regulation, which contains the list of directions, is available on the pharmacy board website. All possible directions for use are not included in the regulation. If a prescription’s directions for use is not included in the regulation, the prescriber dispenser is not required to use one listed in the regulation. Also, inform the patient of possible side effects of the drug. This information does not have to be on the label. False or misleading information may not be included on a prescription label. 

Samples of patient-centered prescription drug container labels can be found on the pharmacy board website.

How should medicines that are not controlled substances be disposed of?

This is categorized as pharmaceutical waste, a type of regulated medical waste. Refer to “Dental Office Waste Management Options” on cda.org/practice support for more information.

References

Health & Safety Code §11000 et seq. -

Business & Professions Code §§ 4040, 4070-4078, 4080-4081, 4105, 4170-4175, 4184

California Code of Regulations Title 16 §§1356.3 and 1707.5